Culture

Dutch culture is diverse, reflecting regional differences as well as the foreign influences thanks to the merchant and exploring spirit of the Dutch. The Netherlands and Dutch people have played an important role for centuries as a cultural centre, with the Dutch Golden Age regarded as the zenith.

Architecture

The first significant period of Dutch architecture was during the Dutch Golden Age, roughly beginning at the start of the 17th century. Due to the thriving economy, cities expanded greatly and new town halls and storehouses were built. Merchants who'd made money ordered a new house built along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around various cities (for defence and transport purposes), a house with an ornamented facade that befitted their new status. In the countryside, new country houses were built, though not in the same numbers. Some well known architects of the period were Jacob van Campen (1595-1657), Lieven de Key (c. 1560-1627) and Hendrik de Keyser (1565-1621).

During the 20th century, Dutch architects played a leading role in the development of modern architecture. Out of the early 20th century rationalist architecture of Berlage, architect of the Beurs van Berlage, three separate groups developed during the 1920's, each with their own view on which direction modern architecture should take. There were expressionist architects like M. de Klerk and P.J. Kramer in Amsterdam, and functionalist architects (Nieuwe Zakelijkheid or Nieuwe Bouwen) like Mart Stam, L.C. van der Vlugt and Johannes Duiker. The third group came out of the De Stijl movement, among them J.J.P Oud and Gerrit Rietveld. Both architects later built in a functionalist style.

During the 50's and 60's, a new generation of architects like Aldo van Eyck, J.B. Bakema and Herman Hertzberger, known as the 'Forum generation' (named after a magazine called Forum) formed a connection with international groups like Team 10.

From the 80's to the present, Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) became one of the leading world architects. With him, formed a new generation of Dutch architects working in a modernist tradition.

Art

Until 1830, the Dutch and Flemish were generally seen as one people. Due to religious wars and the Eighty Years War, a split slowly started to take place. Therefore, historical Flemish and Dutch art are hard to separate. Most artists of the period (like Bruegel) are described as Flemish, even though they spoke Dutch and might have been born in the present day Netherlands. Some of the most famous indisputably Dutch artists from before the 17th century are Hieronymus Bosch, a painter, and the brothers de Limbourg, three miniaturists who are most famous for their work for the Duke of Berry.

In the 16th century, many painters from Flanders fled to the Northern Netherlands, for religious reasons and because the Netherlands were growing economically. Both regions had a golden age of painting in this period. The most famous Dutch painter was Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, but other painters such as Johannes Vermeer and Frans Hals are nowadays world famous as well.

The Dutch artists of the 18th century are less well-known. The most important paintings were the land- and seascapes (or marines). Only at the end of the 19th century did an internationally-important painter, Vincent Van Gogh, appear.

In the 20th century, the Netherlands produced many fine painters and artists, including Piet Mondriaan and some of the members of the COBRA movement (from the initials of the members' home cities: Copenhagen (Co), Brussels (Br), Amsterdam (A)), including Karel Appel and Corneille.

The Dutch have a distinct comic tradition as well. Even though there is an abundance of Flemish, Franco-Belgian, and American comics, they also created their own tradition, with a more literary slant. The most prominent author was Marten Toonder and his creation Tom Puss.

Music and Dance

The Netherlands have multiple musical traditions ranging from folk and dance to classical music and ballet. In the 21st century, Dutchmen and women with an African or Middle Eastern background have also had a profound effect, most notably in hip hop and rap. Much more so than most non-English speaking European countries, the Netherlands has remained closely in tune with American and British trends ever since the 50's.